Indian Reorganization Act 1934

90 years of Self Determination

If you’re not already following us on all socials, please do so to stay the most up to date and informed as possible. The links are posted below.

The Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) of 1934, also known as the Wheeler-Howard Act, marks a significant shift in the United States government's policy towards Native Tribes. This landmark legislation was a response to the numerous injustices and negative impacts of previous federal policies, particularly those rooted in the era of assimilation.

 Prior to the IRA, the Dawes Act of 1887 aimed to assimilate Natives into mainstream American society by dividing Tribal lands into individual allotments. This policy eroded Tribal landholdings and sovereignty, leading to significant economic and social challenges for Native communities. By the early 20th century, it became clear that the allotment policy was disastrous for Native, resulting in poverty, land loss, and cultural erasure.

 The Indian Reorganization Act was part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal, a series of programs and reforms aimed at revitalizing the American economy during the Great Depression. John Collier, appointed as Commissioner of Indian Affairs in 1933, was a central figure in the development of the IRA. Collier was an advocate for Native rights and cultures, and he recognized the need for a fundamental change in federal Indian policy.

 The IRA aimed to halt the loss of Tribal lands and even sought to restore some lands to Tribal ownership. The act ended the allotment policy and allowed for the return of "surplus" lands to tribes.

 One of the most significant aspects of the IRA was its support for tribal self-governance. Tribes were encouraged to adopt their own constitutions and establish local governments. This provision empowered Tribes to manage their internal affairs more autonomously.

 The IRA provided financial assistance for economic development projects on reservations. This included funds for land purchases, educational programs, and infrastructure improvements, all aimed at enhancing the economic stability and self-sufficiency of Native communities.

 Recognizing the importance of cultural heritage, the IRA promoted the preservation of Native American languages, arts, and traditions. This was a marked departure from previous policies that sought to suppress Native cultures.

 The Indian Reorganization Act had a profound impact on Native Tribes. While it did not fully reverse the damage caused by previous policies, it laid the groundwork for a renewed sense of Tribal identity and self-determination. Many Tribes adopted constitutions, formed governments, and began to regain control over their lands and resources.

 However, the IRA was not without its critics. Some Tribes and individuals opposed the act, viewing it as another form of federal control. Additionally, the implementation of the IRA varied widely, with some tribes benefiting more than others.

 Today, the Indian Reorganization Act is seen as a pivotal moment in the history of federal Indian policy. It represents a shift towards recognizing and respecting the sovereignty and cultural heritage of Native American tribes. The principles of self-governance and cultural preservation enshrined in the IRA continue to influence contemporary policies and discussions surrounding Native American rights. 

The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 was a crucial step in addressing the injustices faced by Native American tribes under previous federal policies. By promoting self-governance, economic development, and cultural preservation, the IRA helped pave the way for a more equitable and respectful relationship between the U.S. government and Native Tribes. While challenges remain, the legacy of the IRA is a testament to the resilience and enduring spirit of Tribal communities.

Bonus content below is an interview with Vernon Finley on the impact of the 1934 IRA on leadership.

As always, If you don’t know now you know, a Native!

If you learned something today or simply enjoyed this article, please spread the knowledge by sharing with your friends. Link below

Leonard Peltier, once again, Denied Parole